Many thermal energy storage technologies are already on the market and have a good performance and low costs. Especially in applications that require higher temperature, smaller volumes or added functionality of thermal storage technologies, there are still several challenges to be tackled, specifically in the design of components. These are: limited energy transfer to and out of the system, large part due to the low thermal conductivity of available thermal storage materials and slow reaction rate; abrasion risk; or mixing/two-phase flow difficulties.
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